精神在线时讯 精彩回顾 精神在线时讯 第十一期 MentalHealthLine No.11 issue

研究要点回顾

青少年PTSD概率
易患的四级群体
儿童与成人的临床表现不完全相同
有效干预注意事项


编者按—容易被忽视却又不容忽视的儿童PTSD
儿童创伤后应激障碍概述

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青少年PTSD识别与干预文献学回顾

创伤后应激障碍(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,PTSD)是灾后最严重的心身障碍,在个体经历威胁生命事件之后出现后,都可能出现。其引发原因可以从自然灾害1,7、事故2,8,9到刑事暴力、虐待、战争2,3,7,21

青少年经历灾难后终身暴露于创伤性事件的概率是: 61% (男)、 51% (女) 4,31

青少年PTSD易患群体为2,11,13,14
第一级人群:亲历灾难的幸存者,如死难者家属、伤员、幸存者。
第二级人群:灾难现场的目击者 ( 包括救援者 ) ,如目击灾难发生的青少年。
第三级人群:与第一级、第二级人群有关的人,如幸存者和目击者的亲人等。
第四级人群:后方救援人员、灾难发生后在灾区开展服务的青少年。

突发创伤性事件(无论是自然的灾难,还是人为的灾祸)除了给青少年带来身体上的伤害以外,更重要的是会给心理和精神上带来更大、更严重的伤害1,6,8,17,18,19,23。以及由此造成思维方式,情感表达、价值取向、生活信念、以及对生命价值看法等许多人格上远期的变化6,7,12,13,14,17,19,22。PTSD的核心症状有三组:闯入性症状、回避症状和警觉性增高症状。儿童与成人的临床表现不完全相同,且年龄愈大,重现创伤体验和易激惹症状也越明显14,15,19,23,27。成人大多主诉与创伤有关的恶梦、梦魇:儿童因为大脑语言表达、词汇等功能发育尚不成熟等因素的限制常常无法叙述清恶梦的内容 , 时常从恶梦中惊醒、在梦中尖叫,也可主诉头痛、胃肠不适等躯体症状。等他们成年后,这些创伤性的经历会严重影响他们的人际交往,学习和工作效率,使他们感觉倒人际是不安全的、生命是非常痛苦的。一旦在将来的生活、工作和人际当中出现类似事件的应激情景,会激发出很强烈的心理病理性应激反应2,32,33

Wilfred等研究指出:儿童重复玩某种游戏是回现或闯入性思维的表现之一,应注意PTSD的可能性14,18,23,26,29,34

PTSD可能与其它心理疾病同时发生,如抑郁、药物滥用、酗酒等。治疗PTSD可以减轻其它心理疾病的症状2,4,5,7,9,24,27,29,31,34,36,37

有效干预注意事项 25,27

  1. 尊重青少年的想法;
  2. 鼓励他充分表现自己;
  3. 不低估他的感受,尊重他的感受;
  4. 不逼着他叙述过程;
  5. 应该和他一起制定适合你的治疗目标,还应该告知治疗方法、时间长短、如何衡量治疗效果;
  6. 应该可以回答他提出的任何关于治疗的问题。

(北京卫咨康讯咨询公司研究组 闵贞整理,上海中山医院心理医学科 季建林教授审阅)

参考文献:
1: Longitudinal association between infant disorganized attachment and childhood posttraumatic stress symptoms
2: Biology of post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood and adolescence
3: A developmental approach to violence, hostile attributions, and paranoid thinking in adolescence
4: Victimization andPTSD-like states in an Icelandic youth probability sample
5: Treatment of gay men for post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from social ostracism and ridicule
6: Predictors of psychological distress and positive resources among Palestinian adolescents: trauma, child, and mothering characteristics
7: The impact of co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders among substance-abusing
8: Posttraumatic syndromes in children and adolescents after road traffic accidents--a prospective cohort study
9: Effects of adolescent trauma exposure on risky behavior in college women
10: Psychological implications of high-risk pregnancy
11: Sleep disturbances and childhood sexual abuse
12: Post-traumatic stress disorder, drug dependence, and suicidality among male Vietnam veterans with a history of heavy drug use
13: Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapies for childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders
14: Diagnosis and therapy of post-traumatic stress disorders in childhood and adolescence
15: Age of traumatisation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder or major depression in young women
16: Treating child abuse-related posttraumatic stress and comorbid substance abuse in adolescents
17: The relationship of borderline personality disorder to posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic events
18: Possible association of body dysmorphic disorder with an occupation or education in art and design
19: Chronic fatigue, abuse-related traumatization, and psychiatric disorders in a community-based sample
20: Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment options
21: Developmental vulnerabilities to the onset and course of bipolar disorder
22: Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial
23: Risk factors for long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: predictors of post traumatic stress disorder
24: Development of disturbing dreams during adolescence and their relation to anxiety symptoms
25: Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a sample of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome
26: The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: II: General psychopathology
27: The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: I: The incidence and course of PTSD
28: A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders
29: Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in children exposed to disaster: results from confirmatory factor analyses
30: Reactivation of posttraumatic stress disorder after minor head injury
31: Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol use disorders and quality of life in adolescents
32: Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older adolescents
33: Adolescent survivors of "ethnic cleansing": observations on the first year in America
34: A 50-year prospective study of the psychological sequelae of World War II combat
35: Comparing child victims and adult survivors: clues to the pathogenesis of child sexual abuse
36: The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder:with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale:Dutch results
37: Homicide as a risk factor for PTSD among surviving family members

下期敬请关注:PTSD的治疗文献学回顾
 

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